Bioenvironmental Engineering (BEE) Block 7 Practice Test

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• Which LET concept corresponds to low LET?
• RAM transfer—To whom shall permitted or licensed RAM be transferred?
• Acceptance of RAM from civilian sources is prohibited unless approved by whom?
• What is the purpose of area control dosimeters?
• What refers to effects on blood-forming organs, mainly bone marrow?
• Which material is most effective for shielding alpha particles when in air?
• Which dosimeter is the primary device for determining the neutron dose equivalents to the whole body, distinguished from whole-body badges by an orange stripe on top of the dosimeter, and must be worn flat on the chest?
• Which molecule carries hereditary characteristics and controls cell functioning?
• Which tissue has a separate annual dose limit apart from other tissues?
• An investigation action level is a value set by whom that requires further investigation when exceeded?
• What refers to energy absorbed per unit of any material?
• What are the two parameters having a great deal to do with controlling radiographic exposure parameters for x-rays?
• Radionuclides that enter the body by inhalation, ingestion, or dermal pathways may decay and deposit energy in which cells?
• Dose rate is the amount of energy that is what in relation to time?
• Which dosimeter measures whole-body exposures to high beta, gamma, and x-ray radiation and, if worn individually, must be worn outside any protective shielding?
• ALARA stands for which phrase?
• Who is composed of Air Force members and is responsible for providing regulatory oversight for the use of radioactive materials by Air Force organizations?
• An exposure in any monitoring period that exceeds normal values is called what?
• RAM storage-and-use area surveys are conducted using which instruments?
• In an atom of a particular element, which subatomic particle number may vary?
• Which option is not listed as a medical use of radiation?
• Bremsstrahlung is the emission of X-rays due to the deceleration of a fast charged particle near a nucleus. Which of the following processes is this?
• Who is the central focal point and expert on radiation hazards and biological effects?
• As a relatively fast moving beta particle or electron nears the nucleus, the attractive force alters its trajectory and slows it down and results in a loss of kinetic energy which is converted to x-rays is called what?
• Which of the following is a medical use of radiation?
• Which LET forms of radiation ionize matter over a very short range?
• Which statement describes the immediate action in an overexposure investigation?
• Who establishes and manages the organization/unit radiation safety program?
• What are bundles of energy that have no charge or mass?
• Which LET radiation is less likely to directly damage cellular components?
• What is the function of the leaded glass envelope in an x-ray tube?
• People working with unsealed radioactive materials that have the potential to intake radioactive material exceeding what percent of their Annual Limit on Intake (ALI) should be monitored for internal deposition of radionuclides?
• What is it when injured or damaged cells repair themselves, resulting in no residual damage?
• Which interaction occurs when a low-energy photon strikes an atom and the gamma energy ejects an electron from orbit?
• What is the outermost layer of the cell, and serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment?
• Which particles are high-speed nuclear particles with exceptional ability to penetrate other materials?
• Which component directs the electron beam to the target?
• What particle tracks are long and tortuous?
• Which option is a component of an x-ray tube?
• Radiation is energy emitted or transmitted as particles or waves.
• Which form of radiation has no charge and no rest mass?
• Which syndrome is associated only with very high acute doses of radiation, it is caused by damage to the nerve cells in the body?
• Which particles have the highest LET of any form of radiation?
• Which statement best describes indirect action?
• What is the initial phase of early radiation exposure symptoms characterized by nausea, vomiting, and malaise?
• Which statement is true about positrons?
• Which information must be included in documented telephone confirmation for RAM receipt?
• Alpha decay occurs in which kind of elements?
• Which statement best describes the reasons for surveying RAM storage-and-use areas?
• What color is the hanger used for the collar dosimeter?
• Which system is used to document the results of storage-and-use surveys?
• Which facility is explicitly associated with dosimetry in exposure investigations?
• Energy emitted or transmitted from a source in the form of particles or waves is called what?
• Which statement best describes the mass contribution of electrons to an atom?
• Which exposure route is most associated with DU dust or smoke?
• What is the objective of a sampling plan?
• What determines how the cell will function, as well as the basic structure of that cell?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between radiation protection control categories?
• What are positively charged subatomic particles?
• Which term describes the shells that are farther from the nucleus where electrons have higher energy?
• Which type of radiation is the least penetrating and can be stopped by a sheet of paper?
• Radiosensitivity is influenced by differentiation; which statement is true?
• After performing a storage-and-use survey, all measurements must be documented in what system?
• What occurs when a high-energy photon enters around the nucleus of an atom and its energy is converted into the mass of two electrons with remaining energy as kinetic energy?
• Which statement is true regarding abnormal exposure reporting?
• What is the process by which new cells are formed for growth, repair, and replacement in the body?
• Which of the following are examples of administrative controls for radiation?
• Which organ group is most radiosensitive?
• Which of the following is an example of engineering controls for radiation protection?
• X-rays and gamma rays are radiation with energies correlated to their wavelength.
• Which phase in ARS is characterized by a period with no symptoms although damage is occurring?
• Which instrument models are listed for RAM storage area surveys?
• Which RAM-related area requires annual surveys to verify exposure limits, though measurements each year may not be necessary?
• Which statement best contrasts direct and indirect actions?
• What term describes the energy absorbed per unit weight of tissue?
• RAM Permits typically document which of the following?
• Which term describes personnel ages 16-17?
• What is the first step in sampling for radon concentrations?
• What provides a physical barrier to absorb energy from radiation?
• Most Air Force owned RAM is secured in locked cabinets in relatively secure facilities. RAM stands for what?
• Which material is effective for shielding gamma or X-ray radiation?
• Which report corresponds to external exposure of the hands and forearms?
• At what distance from the radiation source is the 2 mrem per hour limit specified?
• Who notifies when an abnormal or potential overexposure occurs?
• What is the order of organ sensitivity from most to least sensitive?
• Exposures can be to the whole body, localized to a part of the body, or both. This statement describes exposures that are:
• DU is most hazardous as dust or smoke following an attack with DU rounds or through DU armor; this exposure route is which?
• Which group is obligated to receive radiation protection training?
• What is the third step in how an x-ray machine produces x-rays?
• Which option correctly describes the correct mapping of exposure type to its reporting deadline?
• Which particles are able to induce radioactivity in other atoms, meaning a formerly stable atom becomes unstable?
• Where are high-energy (therapeutic) x-ray machines typically used?
• Which particles, which are energetic electrons, are classified as low LET radiation?
• DOE prime contractors may receive RAM if they do what?
• Which statement best defines 'occupational dose'?
• For Abnormal Exposure, when should a report be made?
• Radiation emitted as waves, known as x-rays and gamma rays, has energies correlated to its what?
• Beta particles are best described as which of the following?
• Which dosimeter must be worn flat on the chest to evaluate neutron exposure?
• The most common unit encountered in physics at the atomic level is what?
• Which document defines RAM management in the Air Force?
• Which dose can cause what is called acute radiation syndrome?
• The statement 'Isotopes are defined as atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons' is true.
• Who provides direct support and information to support to the installation commander on radiation protection issues and keeps the installation commander informed about radiation health and safety issues?
• Which regulation is the Air Force standard addressing protection from ionizing radiation?
• What naturally occurring, chemically inert radioactive gas is formed from the decay of naturally occurring uranium-238, thorium-232, and uranium-235?
• What term describes the dose received by an individual in the course of employment?
• Which role informs the IRSO about changes in practices, unsafe work practices involving radiation, or accidents involving radiation?
• What term describes doses spread over long periods that do not cause an immediate problem to organs?
• RAM management in the Air Force is governed by which manual?
• Ionization Potential is the energy required to remove the least bound electron.
• Which independent agency was established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974?
• What term describes the atomic property that counts the total number of protons in an atom's nucleus?
• Are equal doses of the various types of ionizing radiation equally harmful?
• Which report type assesses external exposure that could affect deep tissues and bone marrow?
• The danger from which units is far greater than that from common medical diagnostic x-ray units?
• What are the four phases of ARS?
• An x-ray tube consists essentially of four components. Which option lists these four components?
• Which property is characteristic of depleted uranium?
• What contains all of the living substances of the cell?
• What activities do the PRSO and URSO use to manage the organization/unit radiation safety program?
• Which dosimeter is used to evaluate exposures to the hand and forearm, is never worn without a whole body dosimeter, worn on the finger that will receive the highest dose of radiation and should be worn under the protective clothing?
• Who manages the installation dosimetry program to track all workplace exposures to ionizing radiation?
• Which type of radiation is most harmful per unit path length due to ionization?
• Unstable isotopes are called what?
• For light elements, meaning those with fewer protons, the appropriate ratio is what?
• Who is the initial notifier for abnormal or potential overexposures?
• Which metal is extremely dense, approximately 1.7 times heavier than lead?
• Which statement about pregnancy dose protection is true?
• Samples are to be submitted to which facility?
• What is the spontaneous transformation of an unstable atom that often results in the emission of radiation called?
• What is a device intended to expose people to a significant amount of radiation without their knowledge?
• What process includes division of the nucleus material and division of the cytoplasm, and genes duplicate before cell reproduction?
• If there is measurable public exposure in excess of the action level, documentation is required to be noted in the installation's what?
• Which internal dosimetry method is the measurement of radioactive material exterior to the body, excreted (e.g., fecal or urine samples) or otherwise removed (e.g., nasal swabs, blood) from the body?
• Which PPE controls are used for gamma or X-ray radiation?
• What are the methodologies used for OEH hazards?
• In radiation safety, who acts as the central point of expertise and coordinates safety training programs?
• High-energy x-ray machines are used to treat patients with diseases such as cancer. This group is called?
• Which process involves the incident neutron being absorbed by the target nucleus?
• Which component is a filament that releases electrons when heated and is negatively charged?
• High dose effects include which of the following?
• What particles, known as positrons, have a different mechanism of interaction within a medium than negatively charged beta particles?
• What kind of dose is large acute exposure to radiation that can cause both immediate and delayed effects, such as skin burns, hair loss, sterility, and cataracts
• Which regulation governs the Air Force Nuclear Weapons Intrinsic Radiation and 91(B) Radioactive Material Safety Program?
• In ARS, which phase is characterized by early, non-specific symptoms such as nausea and fatigue after exposure?
• Which subatomic particle has no electric charge?
• Who is responsible for informing IRSO of changes in practices or procedures involving radiation, unsafe work practices involving radiation or accidents or incidents involving radiation?
• Within how many days should an overexposure report be submitted?
• What is designed to monitor, when necessary, occupational radiation exposures?
• For heavy elements, the neutron-to-proton ratio required for stability increases to approximately what value?
• On which form is personnel training documentation recorded?
• What expresses the total amount of radiation absorbed?
• Which radon isotope is associated with a half-life of about 3.82 days?
• Which ARS phase leads to recovery or death after illness?
• Which material is effective for shielding alpha particles?
• Neutrons and protons each have an atomic mass of?
• Before a cell divides, what molecule must duplicate its genetic material?
• Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines biological damage from radiation?
• Who is responsible for establishing and managing the base radiation safety program?
• Which report describes the dose equivalent to the lens of the eye from external exposure?
• Which organelle contains the cell's genetic material and is primarily responsible for directing cell activities?
• The energy that holds a nucleus together, and the energy required to break it apart, is called what?
• Which material is used to shield against neutron radiation?
• Beta and alpha radiation from external sources are far less penetrating and deposit energy primarily on which part of the body?
• What shielding in the x-ray tube housing is designed to limit the exit of x-rays to the window?
• What occurs when a neutron collides with a nucleus, transferring kinetic energy to the target atom which results in a slower neutron and a recoiling nucleus?
• Which particle is larger alpha or beta?
• Which phase follows the prodromal phase and is typically symptom-free?
• Which exposure route is NOT listed among the DU exposure routes in the material?
• Which radiation is more penetrating but less ionizing than alpha and beta radiation?
• What is the final result of the transformation of a radioactive atom into a more stable atom of a different element?
• Which ARS phase involves the appearance of specific, well-defined symptoms corresponding to the syndrome?
• Who is required to wear only their assigned dosimeter?
• Which category of controls includes training and controlled areas?
• Some organizations have what in place instead of RAM permits?
• Which description matches elastic scattering of neutrons?
• The more energetic the radiation, the more likely it is to what other atoms?
• Who keeps the installation commander informed about radiation health and safety issues and the effectiveness of measures to control radiation hazards?
• For Overexposure, when should a report be made?
• What subatomic particles are found orbiting the nucleus in the electron cloud on paths known as shells?
• Which statement about radiosensitivity and differentiation is true?
• Which of the following is among the least radiosensitive organs?
• When should workers wear their dosimeters?
• Which dosimeter is used to evaluate exposures to the head, neck, and lens of the eye, always worn outside any shielded protective covering, worn with a whole-body dosimeter, placed in a red-colored hanger, and should be hung as close to the thyroid?
• Does sensitivity differ depending on age and health?
• Which LET forms produce fewer ionizations per path length?
• What is the number of protons called on the periodic table?
• Which statement best describes low LET radiation?
• Which syndrome is caused by the death of the cells in the lining of the GI tract?
• The two protons in the particle give an alpha particle what charge of two?
• Who are obligated to follow applicable rules or procedures and receive training for radiation protection and safety?
• What electrode is positively charged in the x-ray tube?
• Who in radiation safety can be summed up as assisting unit commanders and shop supervisors in identifying and controlling radiation hazards and developing an effective safety and awareness training program?
• Who and where is the central focal point for providing technical consultation and support for all radioactive and mixed waste disposition activities?
• Which term best describes the boundary that separates the cell from its environment?
• What is the decay process that results in the emission of a helium-4 nucleus from a heavy nucleus?
• Which cells are more sensitive to ionizing radiation?
• Neutron activation occurs in what?
• Which interaction occurs when a photon and the electron it interacts with are scattered in different directions?
• Which device may be used to measure annual total equivalent dose estimates?
• What is the primary purpose of low-energy diagnostic x-ray machines?
• Name three AF locations where area x-ray equipment is commonly found.
• Which LET radiation is more likely to ionize water molecules in the body?
• What subatomic particles are negatively charged?
• What subatomic particles are uncharged?
• Which dosimeter is used to evaluate exposures to the head, neck, and lens of the eye?
• What are the three possible biological effects of radiation on living cells?
• DU shrapnel or contamination of a wound can cause skeletal and renal deposition, representing which exposure route?
• What type of report applies to external whole-body exposure sufficient to reach deep tissue and bone marrow?
• Who is defined as an individual worker who has informed their workplace supervisor or primary care manager, in writing, of pregnancy?
• By what fraction does the radiation dose decrease when you double your distance from a radiation source?
• RAM stands for which term?
• Which term describes the rate of nuclear disintegration events per unit time?
• For all radioluminescent signs in use, which base office must provide the IRSO with an updated annual inventory?
• What occurs when the body is irradiated directly from sources located outside the body, such as radiation from radionuclides on ground surfaces, dissolved in water, or dispersed in the air?
• The kVp setting in X-ray production primarily affects which aspect of the electrons?
• What are mandatory sites that must always be sampled for radon?
• What is the fourth step in how an x-ray machine produces x-rays?
• What type of report applies to external exposure of the skin (to the depth of the dead layer of skin)?
• In an overexposure investigation, what is the first step?
• Which PPE item is commonly used to protect against gamma radiation?
• Who ensures workers are trained on all radiation hazards in the workplace and appropriate protection requirements and that all radiation safety procedures are current and adhered to by all workers?
• Which organization is explicitly linked to the dosimetry process in exposure investigations?
• During which phase are clinical symptoms tied to the major organ system that was injured?
• Which component provides the vacuum seal in an x-ray tube?
• Which agency regulates commercial nuclear power plants and other uses of nuclear materials through licensing, inspection, and enforcement of requirements?
• What has each source listed with its organization, isotope, activity, serial number, storage location, and survey requirements?
• The amount of energy absorbed per unit weight of the organ or tissue is called what?
• Which interaction describes the absorption of a neutron by the nucleus?
• Which exposure category accounts for energy delivered to tissues due to radioactive decay inside the body?
• Which statement correctly pairs exposure type with its reporting deadline?
• What are the two mechanisms by which radiation ultimately affects cells?
• Which term describes the total energy deposited by radiation in tissue?
• What does LET stand for in radiological contexts?
• Which LET radiation is likely to cause direct effects on the intracellular components of a tissue?
• Permittees shall ensure that any recipient has authority to receive RAM before making the transfer by what?
• All the functions for cell expansion, growth, and replication are carried out in the what?
• What is the annual dose limit for an occupational worker?
• Which procurement action is compliant for radioluminescent exit signs and markers?
• If radiation interacts with the atoms of the DNA molecule, or some other cellular component critical to the survival of the cell, it is referred to as what?
• What is it when a cells incorrectly repair themselves, resulting in a conformational DNA change?
• Which description matches a high radiation area as defined by the NRC?
• Which PPE control is used for airborne radiation?
• Which term describes rays or photons that are bundles of electromagnetic energy rather than particles like alpha and beta?
• Low-energy x-ray machines are primarily used in which setting?
• What term describes the total equivalent dose estimate for all sources during the monitoring period?
• Electrons in which shells are more energetic?
• Which interaction is described by photons scattering off electrons, changing direction and energy?
• What is the monthly dose limit for declared pregnant individuals during pregnancy?
• What property characterizes the anode in an x-ray tube?
• Which acronym represents the value-setter for investigation action levels that triggers further inquiry when exceeded?
• What term describes the total dose estimate from all sources for the monitoring period?
• What type of report describes the external dose equivalent to the extremities (hands and forearms)?
• What is the amount of radiation absorbed per unit of time?
• In the exposure progression, which phase ends with either death or recovery?
• What kind of radiation transfers energy to the electron clouds in its path and can both excite and ionize an atom?
• Which category of device is used to measure dose for personnel on an annual basis?
• Which dosimeter is never worn without a whole body dosimeter?
• Declared pregnant individuals have a dose limit of what during the remainder of the pregnancy?
• Radiosensitivity is inversely proportional to which cellular characteristic?
• The transfer receipt format shall at a minimum include what for receiving RAM?
• Which atom decay is a radioactive process in which a particle with two neutrons and two protons is ejected from the nucleus?
• What regulation covers Radioactive Commodities in the DoD Supply System?
• Indirect action is mainly due to interaction with which molecule in the body?
• What type of report is the dose equivalent to the lens of the eye from external exposure?
• What are used to measure background radiation accumulated during transit or storage of dosimeters?
• Radionuclides are unstable isotopes.
• Nucleic acid in the chromosomes, called what contains codes for hereditary characteristics and controls for cell functioning?
• What are the three categories of acute radiation syndrome?
• Which material is effective for shielding beta particles?
• The sensitivity of organs correlates with the sensitivity of the what from which they are composed?
• Which base office is responsible for providing the IRSO with an updated annual inventory for radioluminescent signs?
• Electrons add how much appreciable weight to an atom?
• What percentage of uranium occurs naturally as U-235?
• OEHSA stands for which assessment?
• Who determines who requires radiation exposure monitoring?
• Exceeding the applicable dose limits specified in 10 CFR 20 for any dosimeter or bioassay result is called what?
• Which subatomic particles reside in electron shells around the nucleus?
• Medical uses can be grouped into which two categories?
• What are typical sampling sites for radon?
• Gamma radiation is a form of energy; what type?
• What is the term for a sequence of successive radioactive decays leading to a stable nucleus?
• Which action is NOT part of the immediate response to an overexposure?
• What are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons called?
• When must any dosimeter be stored properly in the designated storage area approved by the RSO?
• The energy required to ionize the least tightly bound electron in an atom is called what?
• Which of the following is a valid RAM recipient transfer category under standard policy?
• Which regulation is based on NRC standards and specifies requirements for protection of USAF personnel from ionizing radiation?
• Which kind of atom decay is the emission of electron-like particles from the nucleus?
• Which roles are designated to provide consultant support to organization/unit commanders on radiation protection issues?
• Who issues dosimeters?
• What is the first step in how an x-ray machine produces x-rays?
• Which statement describes a not a factor in determining biological damage?
• What does occupational radiation exposures do not include?
• What surrounds the cathode and anode in a leaded glass envelope that filters out some of the lower energy photons?
• In an X-ray imaging system, the mA setting primarily controls which parameter?
• What could result from cells being Defective Repair?
• Beta particles are produced by which of the following processes?
• Which particle has a different interaction mechanism than electrons?
• What is the metal mixture of uranium isotopes in which the U-235 concentration has been reduced below 0.2%?
• What are the two ways Beta particles are made?
• Who provides consultant support to organization/unit commanders on radiation protection issues?
• The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines what?
• Nuclear decay transformation will leave the resultant nucleus in an excited state; what is this long-lived excited state called?
• What is the primary characteristic of the latent phase?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of the Dosimetry Program?
• What is the second step in how an x-ray machine produces x-rays?
• Which radon isotope is the only radon isotope to cause health concerns, with a half-life of 3.82 days?
• Which organizations maintain current copies of RAM permits?
• Which material is used extensively in the 30 mm armor piercing rounds carried by the A-10 Warthog and the AC-130 series of gunships?
• The number of neutrons in an atom determines the atom's what?
• What type of report is absorbed dose (rem) to the head, neck, and thyroid?
• Therapeutic x-rays are designed to do what to certain cells?
• What describes the partial vacuum used to prevent scattering and ionization interactions with air molecules that would result in energy loss?
• Who establishes and manages the base radiation safety program through training, surveillance, and control recommendations?
• Which body provides regulatory oversight for the use of radioactive materials by Air Force organizations?
• Which action can cause enough damage to DNA to destroy reproductive capacity and cause mutation?
• Which subatomic particle carries a negative electric charge?
• What is an extremely dense metal, about 1.7 times heavier than lead and 2.4 times heavier than steel?
• Which cell type is among the least radiosensitive?
• What attracts the electrons from the cathode and is also connected to the metal target material, which has a high melting point and a high atomic number and is positively charged?
• What term is commonly referred to as a dirty bomb?
• What occurs when the kinetic energy of the system is changed, meaning the neutron transfers some of its energy to the nucleus, or it is absorbed by the target nucleus altogether?
• Dosimeters are issued by which organization?
• Which subatomic particle has no electric charge and contributes to atomic mass?
• What subatomic particles are found in the nucleus with protons, helping to balance repulsive forces and hold the nucleus together?
• Which exposure type requires a report within 30 days?
• What is a measure of the cumulative mass of the subatomic particles bound within an atom?
• Which statement best reflects one of the groups explicitly included in radiation exposure monitoring for the 2W2 career field?
• Which of the following items is an example of PPE controls for anti-contamination?
• Which particle produces the greatest harm?
• Which two parameters primarily control radiographic exposure in x-ray production?
• What is the rate of decay of a radioactive source or the number of nuclear disintegration events occurring over a period of time?
• Which internal dosimetry method is the direct measurement of radiation emitted from the body from internally deposited radionuclides?
• Which of the following is a possible result of defective DNA repair after radiation?
• An unstable nucleus may require a series of radioactive decays called a what?
• Which is the correct order of organ sensitivity from most to least sensitive?
• Because DU is insoluble, ingested material is absorbed only minimally; this exposure route is which?
• Which component provides physical shielding around the x-ray tube assembly?
• Among common radiation types, which has the highest linear energy transfer?
• High LET radiation tends to ionize matter over a short range.
• Monitoring is required for who?
• Before initiating radon sampling, which action is typically recommended?
• Which particle is the least penetrating of radiation type?
• Which lab is associated with radiation dosimetry in exposure investigations?
• Which of the following is an industrial use of radiation?
• Areas in proximity to what are classified based on the radiation levels present in the area?
• The amount of energy that the radiation transfers per unit of path length is called its what?
• Which statement best describes radon?
• Verification of receipt, in what, by the recipient is the preferred method of receiving RAM?
• Where is the AFRRAD Office located?